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Core Competence to Ensure Electronic Assembly Quality

July 5, 2025
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In SMT (surface mount technology) production, SMT templates (also known as steel mesh) and various auxiliary fixtures are key tools to ensure welding quality and production efficiency. The template is used to control the amount and position of solder paste printing, while the fixture is used to fix the circuit board to prevent deformation and ensure the consistency of components during reflow soldering and testing. They may seem simple, but they greatly impact yield and production capacity.

什么是 SMT 模板?

SMT 模板,也称钢网(Stencil),是一种精密金属薄板,上面通过激光或化学腐蚀工艺打出元件焊盘对应的开孔。锡膏就是通过这些开孔被均匀涂布在 PCB 的焊盘上。钢网的材质通常为不锈钢,既保证强度又具备良好的抗腐蚀性。模板厚度和开孔精度会直接决定锡膏印刷的均匀度,从而影响焊接可靠性。

📷 场景图像描述:SMT 车间技师正使用自动印刷机安装激光切割精密钢网,背景为摆放整齐的 PCB 板和锡膏罐,车间整洁有序。


如何选择合适的 SMT 钢网厚度?

钢网的厚度通常介于 0.1~0.2mm 之间。选择时要综合考虑:

  • 焊盘尺寸和间距

  • 元件尺寸及引脚密度

  • PCB 的总体焊接工艺

例如,细间距 BGA 或 QFN 元件,通常会选用 0.1mm 左右的薄钢网,以防锡量过多产生短路。相反,如果焊盘较大或者 THT 混装的通孔需要较多锡量填充,可以选择 0.15mm~0.18mm 的厚钢网。过薄可能导致锡膏印刷不牢,过厚又会引发桥连风险。

📷 场景图像描述:一名工程师用数显千分尺测量钢网厚度,旁边放置着不同厚度的钢网样品。


 如何检验 SMT 钢网的质量?

优质钢网应具备:
✅ 开孔边缘光滑、无毛刺
✅ 开孔位置精准对齐 PCB 焊盘
✅ 表面平整、无划痕或锈蚀
✅ 符合 IPC 7525 标准

现代钢网制作多采用激光切割并电抛光,能有效提升开孔壁光滑度。若有条件,可对钢网进行显微镜或 3D 检查,确保开孔的尺寸一致性和重复利用的耐久性。这样才能在连续印刷上百次之后,仍保证锡膏印刷质量。

📷 场景图像描述:质检工程师正在显微镜下观察钢网开孔的切口光洁度,屏幕中显示开孔的放大图像。


4️⃣ PCB 组装中需要使用的夹具

除了钢网,PCB 组装中同样少不了各种辅助夹具。例如:

  • 定位夹具:防止 PCB 在印刷、贴片或焊接时发生偏移

  • 防翘曲支撑治具:为防止 PCB 受热变形,在回流焊或波峰焊中支撑电路板

  • 测试夹具:用于 ICT(在线测试)、功能测试时,实现与测试针床的快速对接

  • 翻板夹具:方便双面贴装时对 PCB 翻面,保证精准度

这些夹具通常由高温塑料、铝型材或复合树脂材料制作,既轻便又耐热,可以在多次热循环后依然保持稳定结构。

📷 场景图像描述:SMT 生产线上,技师将多块 PCB 放入定制防翘曲夹具中,自动化回流焊机正在工作。


5️⃣ SMT 模板与夹具对品质的重要意义

很多 PCBA 质量问题往往根源在印刷锡膏不稳定或者 PCB 受力不均导致的翘曲。一个经过科学设计和严格检验的 SMT 钢网,再配合合适的夹具,可以显著减少:
✅ 少锡、连锡
✅ 锡珠飞溅
✅ 元件偏移、掉件
✅ PCB 局部变形
从而使回流焊焊点光亮饱满、质量稳定,长期维持高良率。

📷 场景图像描述:回流焊后,AOI 设备正在检测整齐饱满的焊点,旁边工程师对比检验合格率。


小细节决定大质量

SMT 模板与夹具虽然看似是“辅料”,却在 PCB 组装中发挥着不可替代的作用。从模板厚度到夹具的结构设计,每一个细节都关乎产品品质与企业形象。只有持续把控模板加工质量、按需设计夹具,配合先进的贴装工艺,才能支撑如今电子制造对高密度、高可靠性的严苛需求。

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